What you need to do to get a driver's permit

A driver's permit (also called a learner's permit or learner's license) is a document that lets you practice driving with a licensed adult in the car. You get it by passing a written test at your state's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) or equivalent agency — no driving test required. The process takes one visit if you bring the right documents, though some states let you take the written test online first.

The exact steps and documents vary by state, but the basic path is the same everywhere: gather your documents, go to the DMV, pass the written knowledge test, and pay a fee. Most people finish in under an hour. You'll walk out with a permit that's valid for a set period — usually one to three years depending on your state — and you can start practicing driving that same day.

Key Takeaways

  • You must bring proof of identity, proof of residency, and your Social Security number or tax ID to the DMV to get a permit.
  • The written test covers traffic laws and road signs specific to your state, and you can study using your state's official DMV handbook.
  • Permit fees range from roughly $20 to $100 depending on your state and how long the permit is valid.
  • Most states require you to be at least 15 or 16 years old to get a permit, and some have restrictions on when and where you can drive.
  • You can renew your permit if it expires before you pass the driving test, though renewal rules and costs vary by state.

Documents you need to bring to the DMV

Every state requires proof of identity, proof of residency, and your Social Security number. A birth certificate, passport, or state ID counts as identity proof. For residency, bring a utility bill, lease, mortgage statement, or bank statement with your current address — it usually needs to be dated within the last 60 days, though this varies.

If you don't have a Social Security number, some states accept an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). Bring the original documents or certified copies; photocopies alone won't work. If you're under 18, one parent or guardian usually needs to be present and sign consent forms. A few states let you bring a notarized parental consent form instead if a parent can't come in person.

Check your state's DMV website before you go — some states have added requirements like proof of a valid address or fingerprinting. Showing up without the right documents means a wasted trip.

How the written knowledge test works

The test covers traffic laws, road signs, and safe driving rules from your state's official DMV handbook. Most states give you 30 to 50 questions, and you usually need to score 70 to 80 percent to pass. You take it on a computer at the DMV office, and you get your result when ready — if you pass, you walk out with your permit the same day.

The handbook is free and available online on your state's DMV website. You can also pick up a printed copy at the DMV office. Most people study for a few days to a week. Some states offer practice tests online; check your DMV website to see if yours does. If you fail, you can usually retake the test the same day or within a few days, though some states charge a retest fee.

A few states let you take the written test online before you go to the DMV office, which can save time. Ask your DMV whether this option is available in your state.

Permit fees and how long your permit lasts

Permit fees range from about $20 to $100 depending on your state and the length of validity. Some states charge less for a one-year permit and more for a three-year permit. A few states include the permit fee in the cost of your eventual driver's license, so you won't pay twice. Check your state's DMV website for the exact fee before you go.

Most permits are valid for one to three years. Some states set an expiration date based on when you turn a certain age (for example, your permit expires on your 18th birthday). Others give you a set number of years from the issue date. If your permit expires before you pass the driving test, you can renew it, though renewal fees and rules vary — some states let you renew online, while others require another DMV visit.

Age requirements and driving restrictions

Most states require you to be at least 15 or 16 years old to get a permit. A few states allow permits at age 14. Check your state's DMV website for the exact age requirement.

Many states impose restrictions on permit holders, such as limits on when you can drive (no driving after dark, for example) or who can be in the car with you. Some states require a licensed adult 21 or older to sit in the front seat; others allow any licensed adult. A few states restrict the number of passengers you can carry. These rules exist to reduce accidents among new drivers. Read your permit when you get it — the restrictions are printed on it, and breaking them can result in a ticket or permit suspension.

What to do if you fail the written test

If you don't pass on your first try, you can retake it. Most states let you retake the test the same day or within a few days, though some charge a retest fee (usually $5 to $15). You don't need to bring all your documents again — just your ID.

Before you retake the test, study the sections of the handbook that cover the topics you missed. Your DMV office may be able to tell you which questions you got wrong, or you can use your state's online practice test to identify weak areas. Most people pass on the second attempt after a few more days of study.

Next steps after you get your permit

Once you have your permit, you can start practicing driving with a licensed adult. Your state's DMV handbook includes rules about where you can drive and what your supervising driver can and cannot do. Some states require a certain number of supervised driving hours before you can take the driving test for your license — check your state's requirements.

When you're ready to take the driving test, you'll schedule an appointment at your DMV office. You'll need to bring your permit, proof of insurance, and a vehicle that's registered and inspected. The driving test usually takes 20 to 30 minutes and covers basic skills like parking, turning, and following traffic laws.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I get a permit if I don't have a Social Security number?

Most states accept an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) instead. Some states may have other options. Contact your state's DMV directly to ask what documents they accept in place of a Social Security number.

What if I can't go to the DMV in person?

A few states allow you to take the written test online or by mail, but you still need to visit the DMV office to get your physical permit. Some states let a parent or guardian pick up the permit on your behalf if you sign a power of attorney form. Check your state's DMV website or call to ask what options are available.

How long do I have to practice before I can take the driving test?

This varies by state. Some states require a minimum number of supervised driving hours (often 50 to 100 hours) or a waiting period of several months. Others have no minimum. Check your state's DMV website to see what your state requires.

What happens if my permit expires before I pass the driving test?

You can renew your permit at the DMV. Most states charge a renewal fee and require you to visit in person, though a few allow online renewal. You don't need to retake the written test — just pay the fee and your new permit will be issued.

Can I drive alone with a permit?

No. A driver's permit requires a licensed adult to be in the car with you at all times. Driving alone with a permit is illegal and can result in a ticket, permit suspension, or both. Once you pass your driving test and get your license, you can drive alone.